Dear Profossor,
I would like to express my feeling about what I learnt from you on "E-Communication".
I can tell you that I was very impreesd in leraning new tools to search on line through meta search engines and mainly how to create blog and share information woldwide.
When I go back home, I will help other people to learn "E-Communication" in order for them to reinforce their skills and abilities in their domains. That will be a great satisfaction for me thanks to your inestimable contribution.
May Gog Bless yoy and your Family.
vendredi 18 juin 2010
mardi 30 mars 2010
REPUBLIC OF GUINEA
Republic of Guinea covers 245,857 square kilometres of West Africa. The population of Guinea is estimated at 10.2 million with 24 ethnic groups: The most prominent groups are the "Fula, Mandinka and Susu". Conakry, the capital and largest city, is the hub of Guinea's economy, commerce, education, and culture. Guinea is divided into four natural regions with distinct human, geographic, and climatic characteristics:
* Maritime Guinea (La Guinée Maritime) covers 18% of the country
* Mid-Guinea (La Moyenne-Guinée) covers 20% of the country
* Upper-Guinea (La Haute-Guinée) covers 38% of the country
* Forested Guinea (Guinée Forestière) covers 23% of the country, and is both forested and mountainous. It is also is divided into 8 administrative regions: Boké, Conakry, Kindia, Mamou, Labé, Franah, Kankan and N'Zérékoré. To learn more about Guinea, clic here
ABOUT MALNUTRITION
According to WHO, we can define malnutition as a condition resulting from deficiency or excess, relative or absolute, one or more essential nutrients, this condition is clinically apparent or can be detected by biochemical, physiological or anthropometric analysis.
Malnutrition is estimated to contribute to more than one third of all child deaths, although it is rarely listed as the direct cause. Lack of access to highly nutritious foods, especially in the present context of rising food prices, is a common cause of malnutrition. Poor feeding practices, such as inadequate breastfeeding, offering the wrong foods, and not ensuring that the child gets enough nutritious food, contribute to malnutrition. Infection – particularly frequent or persistent diarrhoea, pneumonia, measles and malaria – also undermines a child's nutritional status.
A recently developed home-based treatment for severe acute malnutrition is improving the lives of hundreds of thousands of children a year. Ready-to-use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) has revolutionized the treatment of severe malnutrition – providing foods that are safe to use at home and ensure rapid weight gain in severely malnourished children. Read more
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition is and remains a public health problem. Globally, it is estimated that nearly 20 million children suffer from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM), most of them live in Asia (9%) and Sub Saharan Africa (32%).
In Guinea, one in ten children suffers from acute malnutrition and one in three is chronically malnourished. According to the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) II and III, chronic malnutrition has increased sharply from 26% in 1999 to 34.8% in 2005 while acute malnutrition has increased significantly from 9% to 9.4 % with rates above 10% considered the threshold.
A 2007 survey by the SPHERE Project in Guinea showed a prevalence of 13% of severe acute malnutrition in the administrative region of Faranah, 12% in the region of Labe, 11% in the region of N'Zérékoré and 10% in Kankan region.
In Guinea, one in ten children suffers from acute malnutrition and one in three is chronically malnourished. According to the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) II and III, chronic malnutrition has increased sharply from 26% in 1999 to 34.8% in 2005 while acute malnutrition has increased significantly from 9% to 9.4 % with rates above 10% considered the threshold.
A 2007 survey by the SPHERE Project in Guinea showed a prevalence of 13% of severe acute malnutrition in the administrative region of Faranah, 12% in the region of Labe, 11% in the region of N'Zérékoré and 10% in Kankan region.
lundi 29 mars 2010
CLINICAL FORMS OF MALNUTRITION
We have three clinical forms of Malnutrition:
1. Kwashiorkor: It is characterized by
- Oedema, deficiency thrive, behavior modification
- Rash made of red spots on pressure points
- Skin Fragility: cracks folds, erosions, ulcerations,
- Red hair, partial alopecia, angular stomatitis
- Sulcus Harrison, digestive disorders (anorexia, chronic diarrhea with malabsorption and bloating), hepatomegaly, fatty liver, secondary infections (pyogenic, candida).
2. Marasmus: characterized by
- Extreme underweight, old facies
- Irritability, apathy, active behavior, preserved appetite, starving children,
- Alopecia, elongated cilia
- Diarrhea hunger (small stools and greenish)
- Neither edema, or rash, or disorders of pigmentation,
- The skin has the feeling of touch of flour,
- The sclera is blue,
- Swelling in the chondro-costal junction,
- Dislocation costo-sternal cartilage called string of scurvy,
- Depression of the bases of the thorax (Harrison's sulcus)
- Osteoporosis and rarely fractures.
3. Mixed Form: Kwashiorkor and Marasmus together
1. Kwashiorkor: It is characterized by
- Oedema, deficiency thrive, behavior modification
- Rash made of red spots on pressure points
- Skin Fragility: cracks folds, erosions, ulcerations,
- Red hair, partial alopecia, angular stomatitis
- Sulcus Harrison, digestive disorders (anorexia, chronic diarrhea with malabsorption and bloating), hepatomegaly, fatty liver, secondary infections (pyogenic, candida).
2. Marasmus: characterized by
- Extreme underweight, old facies
- Irritability, apathy, active behavior, preserved appetite, starving children,
- Alopecia, elongated cilia
- Diarrhea hunger (small stools and greenish)
- Neither edema, or rash, or disorders of pigmentation,
- The skin has the feeling of touch of flour,
- The sclera is blue,
- Swelling in the chondro-costal junction,
- Dislocation costo-sternal cartilage called string of scurvy,
- Depression of the bases of the thorax (Harrison's sulcus)
- Osteoporosis and rarely fractures.
3. Mixed Form: Kwashiorkor and Marasmus together
CLASSIFICATION OF MALNUTRITION
We have three types of malnutritions:
1. Acute Malnutrition (Weight Loss): Measured by the weight / height, reflects the losses or gains weight regardless of age. It is reversible. It includes two types:
- Moderate acute malnutrition: Determined by an index weight / height <80% of median weight for the reference height of National Center for Heath Statistic (NCHS) or W / H = 70-80% in children from 6 months to 18 years or the Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) <125 mm in children from 6 to 59 months. In adults (except pregnant and lactating women) is determined by a BMI <18.5 kg/m2. There are no signs or clinical forms.
- Severe Acute Malnutrition : Determined by an index W / H <70% of median weight for NCHS in children from 6 months to 18 years or MUAC <110 mm in children aged from 6 to 59 months and / or the presence of bilateral oedema. In adults (except pregnant and lactating women) is determined by a BMI <16 kg/m2. It may be with or without complications.
2. Chronic Malnutrition (stunting): Measured by the the ratio (height/age) and reflects the growth. It is difficult to reverse.
3. Underweight: Measured by the ratio Weight / Age, reflects in the same time the ratio W / H: we speak about "dénutrition."
1. Acute Malnutrition (Weight Loss): Measured by the weight / height, reflects the losses or gains weight regardless of age. It is reversible. It includes two types:
- Moderate acute malnutrition: Determined by an index weight / height <80% of median weight for the reference height of National Center for Heath Statistic (NCHS) or W / H = 70-80% in children from 6 months to 18 years or the Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) <125 mm in children from 6 to 59 months. In adults (except pregnant and lactating women) is determined by a BMI <18.5 kg/m2. There are no signs or clinical forms.
- Severe Acute Malnutrition : Determined by an index W / H <70% of median weight for NCHS in children from 6 months to 18 years or MUAC <110 mm in children aged from 6 to 59 months and / or the presence of bilateral oedema. In adults (except pregnant and lactating women) is determined by a BMI <16 kg/m2. It may be with or without complications.
2. Chronic Malnutrition (stunting): Measured by the the ratio (height/age) and reflects the growth. It is difficult to reverse.
3. Underweight: Measured by the ratio Weight / Age, reflects in the same time the ratio W / H: we speak about "dénutrition."
samedi 27 mars 2010
FACTORS LEADING TO MALNUTRITION
We have many factors leading to malnutrition in our countries:
1.Factors related to the health of mother and child:
- Close Pregnancy : the frequent pregnancies exacerbate the nutritional status of the mother, they lead to early and total stop of breastfeeding and expose the child to malnutrition.
- Numerous and repeated pregnancies, the risk is almost twice higher among children born in families with four children than those with one to three.
- Prematurity: It increases calorie needs while the child is more difficult to feed. It plays a supporting role of malnutrition.
- Infections: Any infection in children causes a loss of appetite that restricts food intake and leads to a vicious circle.
- Poor health and vaccine coverage
2. Socio-cultural factors:
- Bad practice of breastfeeding: Breaks with tradition increases the frequency of these passages in artificial feeding. But breastfeeding has benefits for the child than the mother: breast milk is the best food for infants, it contains nutrients in appropriate proportions and antibodies such as IgG struggling against microbial attacks, it is the cheapest. Lactation is relatively contraceptive.
- Advertising on certain dietary abuse: That encourages mothers to abandon breastfeeding in favor of these products.
- Unschooling or disregard of the needs of the child, mothers have no information about the nutritional values of foods for their children, which explains in part the non-food diversification.
3.Factors related to food security, availability and accessibility: The main cause of malnutrition in children is the difference between needs and actual food intake.
4.Psycho-affectif Factors
1.Factors related to the health of mother and child:
- Close Pregnancy : the frequent pregnancies exacerbate the nutritional status of the mother, they lead to early and total stop of breastfeeding and expose the child to malnutrition.
- Numerous and repeated pregnancies, the risk is almost twice higher among children born in families with four children than those with one to three.
- Prematurity: It increases calorie needs while the child is more difficult to feed. It plays a supporting role of malnutrition.
- Infections: Any infection in children causes a loss of appetite that restricts food intake and leads to a vicious circle.
- Poor health and vaccine coverage
2. Socio-cultural factors:
- Bad practice of breastfeeding: Breaks with tradition increases the frequency of these passages in artificial feeding. But breastfeeding has benefits for the child than the mother: breast milk is the best food for infants, it contains nutrients in appropriate proportions and antibodies such as IgG struggling against microbial attacks, it is the cheapest. Lactation is relatively contraceptive.
- Advertising on certain dietary abuse: That encourages mothers to abandon breastfeeding in favor of these products.
- Unschooling or disregard of the needs of the child, mothers have no information about the nutritional values of foods for their children, which explains in part the non-food diversification.
3.Factors related to food security, availability and accessibility: The main cause of malnutrition in children is the difference between needs and actual food intake.
4.Psycho-affectif Factors
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